Databases: Relational Databases
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 This book will cover all features of Oracle8 such as: Oracle8 Architecture and the Network Computing Architecture; Migrating or building from scratch, and scaling to fit your business; Programming and Administration; Going beyond the server: system designing, development, and analysis using Developer/2000, Designer/2000 and Discover 3.0; Oracle Enterprise Manager; Using complex data types within a database i.e. business objects, multimedia, Java applets, etc.; Improved replication, performance and backup/recovery; OLTP; Data warehousing & VLDBs (Very Large Databases); Deploying databases on the Web. |
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- Introduction
- About the Authors
- Part 1—Oracle8 Server
- Chapter 1—Oracle8
- The Latest Oracle
- Major Improvements
- The Oracle8 Product Family
- Fitting Oracle8 into an Application Environment
- Summary
- Major Improvements
- Chapter 2—Oracle Database Architecture
- Database Architecture
- Instances
- Oracle Processes
- User Processes
- Data Writing Processes
- Logging Processes
- Monitoring Processes
- Data Writing Processes
- Memory and Speed
- Software Code Areas
- System Global Area (SGA)
- Program Global Area (PGA)
- Sort Areas
- System Global Area (SGA)
- Disk Storage
- Data Files
- Log Files
- Supporting Files
- Control Files
- SGA Definition File
- Log and Error Files
- Log Files
- Interfacing with the DBMS
- Multiprocessor Configurations
- Fault Tolerance
- Microsoft Windows NT Configurations
- Oracle8 Under Windows NT
- Summary
- Chapter 3—Oracle8 Network Computing
- The Emergence of Network Computing
- Convergence
- The Web Changes Everything
- Pitfalls of PC Computing
- Network Centricity and Network Computing
- The Appeal of Network Computing
- The Web Changes Everything
- Emerging Technologies
- The Benefits of Object Technology
- Java
- CORBA
- Enterprise JavaBeans
- Java
- An Architecture for Network Computing
- Network Computing Architecture
- From 2-tier to 3-tier Computing
- Client
- Application Server
- Database Server
- From 2-tier to 3-tier Computing
- The Network Computer
- A Typical NC
- The NC Reference Specification
- Open Issues
- The NC Reference Specification
- Summary
- Convergence
- Chapter 4—Oracle8 Servers and Options
- So Many Options—So Little Time
- Scale—Bambi Meets Godzilla
- Architecture—Welcome to the Jungle
- Utility—Taking Care of Business
- Architecture—Welcome to the Jungle
- The Oracle8 Server
- The Movement Towards Object-Oriented Paradigms
- The Growing Complexity of Computer Architecture
- The Proliferation of Internet Business
- Oracle8 and Data Warehousing
- The Growing Complexity of Computer Architecture
- Oracle8 Enterprise Edition—Luxury and Performance
- Enterprise Manager Performance Pack
- Incremental and Parallel Backups
- Point In Time Tablespaces
- Bit-Mapped Indexes
- Parallel Query
- Parallel DML
- Parallel Index Scans
- Parallel Bit-Mapped Star Query Joins
- Incremental and Parallel Backups
- Oracle Lite—Tastes Great, Less Calories
- Operating System Wars—UNIX Versus NT
- Microsoft NT and How It Compares to UNIX
- Summary
- Scale—Bambi Meets Godzilla
- The Latest Oracle
- Part II—Installation, Upgrade, and Migration
- Chapter 5—Implementation Planning—PC to Enterprise Server
- Overview of the Installation Planning Process
- Starting with Business Needs
- The Installation Documentation
- The README File
- Developing Your Own Installation Plan
- Some Good Reviewers
- The Installation Documentation
- System Hardware
- Software Module Planning
- Optimal Flexible Architecture (OFA)
- Administrative Directories
- Local Directories
- Data and Log Directories
- Local Directories
- Memory Allocation and Alternatives
- Logical Database Design
- Physical Database Design
- RAID and Other Storage Alternatives
- Processing Options
- Upgrades Versus New Installations
- Other Factors to Consider
- The Backout Plan
- Lining Up Support
- The Backout Plan
- A Sample Plan
- Summary
- Starting with Business Needs
- Chapter 6—Installation and Upgrades
- Overview of the Installation Process for Sun Solaris
- Hardware and Software Requirements
- Software Requirements for Networking Products
- Optimal Flexible Architecture (OFA)
- Software Requirements for Networking Products
- Installation Preparation and Installation
- Installing Documentation
- Post-Installation Steps for Oracle8 Server
- New Installations—Recovery Manager
- New Installations—Time Series Cartridge
- Migration to Oracle8
- Copying Data
- Develop a Testing Plan
- Migration Utility
- Migration Preparation
- Backup of the Existing System
- Common Problems and Troubleshooting
- Backup of the Existing System
- Summary
- Hardware and Software Requirements
- Chapter 7—Migrating from Non-Oracle Databases
- System Migration—The Sum of All Our Fears
- The Realities of System Migration
- The Myth of ANSI SQL
- The Great Operating System Barrier
- Oracle Alliance—Design and Migration Services to the Rescue
- The Myth of ANSI SQL
- Common Migration Scenarios
- Downsizing
- Front-End Considerations
- Database Considerations
- Management Considerations
- Database Considerations
- Using Oracle’s Data Conversion Tool—DCT
- What the Conversion Tool Is and What It Is Not
- A Step-by-Step Tour of a Data Migration Using the DCT
- Migrating a Front-End Using DCT and Oracle*Forms 4.5
- Oracle DCT—Is It Worth It?
- A Step-by-Step Tour of a Data Migration Using the DCT
- Summary
- The Realities of System Migration
- Chapter 8—Coexisting with Non-Oracle Databases
- Sleeping with the Enemy
- Different Operating Systems
- Different Hardware Vendors
- Different RDBMS Vendors
- Different Paradigms
- Different Hardware Vendors
- The Gateway to Everywhere
- What Kind of Gateway Do You Need?
- Coexistence and Replication
- Replicating What Is Different
- Features of Oracle Replication Services
- Summary
- Different Operating Systems
- Overview of the Installation Planning Process
- Part III—Oracle8 Components and Objects
- Chapter 9—Oracle Processes
- Map of the Oracle Processes
- The Main Oracle Processes
- System Monitor
- Process Monitor
- Database Writer
- Log Writer
- Process Monitor
- Optional Processes
- Archiver
- Recoverer
- Lock Writer
- Dedicated Server Processes
- Net8 Processes
- Parallel Query Processes
- Web Server Processes
- Recoverer
- Summary
- The Main Oracle Processes
- Chapter 10—Oracle Memory Areas
- Uses of Memory Within Oracle8
- Virtual Memory
- System Global Area
- Sharing Memory
- System Global Area
- System Global Area (SGA)
- Database Buffer Cache
- Shared Pool
- Program Global Area (PGA)
- User Work Spaces
- Oracle Application Software Memory
- Summary
- Virtual Memory
- Chapter 11—Oracle Files
- Oracle Files and Their Purposes
- Data Files
- Log Files
- Control Files
- Initialization and Configuration Files
- Log and Trace Files
- Automatic Resizing of Files
- Distribution of Data for Tuning
- Standard File Locations
- Summary
- Data Files
- Chapter 12—Oracle Database Objects
- Oracle8 Database Objects
- Tables
- Indexes
- Views
- Synonyms
- Stored Procedures and Packages
- Clusters
- Sequences
- Tablespaces
- Partitions
- Object Datatypes
- Constraints
- Summary
- Tables
- Chapter 13—Oracle System and Object Privileges
- Overview of Oracle Security
- System Privileges
- Object Privileges
- Table Privileges
- View Privileges
- Sequence Privileges
- Procedure Privileges
- Column Privileges
- View Privileges
- User Privileges
- Developer Privileges
- DBA Privileges
- The Database Maintenance Privileges
- Monitoring Privileges
- Default Privileges
- Connecting Internally
- Dummy Object Owners
- A Typical Privilege Scheme
- Summary
- System Privileges
- Chapter 14—Roles and Grants
- Managing Grants and Roles
- Grants
- Roles
- Grants Without Roles
- Use of Scripts to Capture Privilege Sets
- Enterprise Manager Role and Grant Management
- Command Line Role and Grant Management
- A Typical Privilege Scheme
- Summary
- Grants
- Chapter 15—Object-Oriented Extensions in Oracle8
- Introduction
- The Basic Elements of an Object
- Methods
- Object Ordering
- Map Methods
- Order Methods
- Type Versus Instantiation of a Type
- REFs
- Nested Tables and VARRAYs
- Nested Tables
- VARRAYs
- Using Base Types
- Object Views
- INSTEAD OF Triggers
- Large Objects
- BLOB
- CLOB
- NCLOB
- BFILE
- CLOB
- Summary
- The Basic Elements of an Object
- Chapter 16—Replication
- Replication: “Why Ask Why?”
- Replication and the Data Warehouse
- Read-Only Replications and Snapshots
- Snapshot Logs
- Remote Databases
- Complex Replication—Distributed Databases
- Replication and the World of Virtual Databases
- Creating a Replicated Environment “Replication God”
- Managing Your Replication and the Mystery of the Two-Phase Commit
- Creating a Replicated Environment “Replication God”
- Conflict Resolution
- Types of Conflicts
- Managing Update Conflicts
- Creating Column Groups
- Defining a Conflict Resolution Method for a Column Group
- Managing Update Conflicts
- Survivability
- The Advantages of Oracle8 and the Replication Manager
- Summary
- Replication and the Data Warehouse
- Chapter 17—Query and Transaction Processing
- Transaction Processing
- SQL Statement Processing
- Cursor Creation
- Statement Parsing
- Query Processing
- Bind Variables
- Statement Execution
- Parallelization
- Fetch Rows to Be Returned
- Statement Parsing
- Using the Oracle Optimizer
- How the Optimizer Works
- Optimizer Initialization Parameters
- Optimization Methods
- Optimizer Initialization Parameters
- Using the ANALYZE Command
- How to Run the ANALYZE Command
- Data Dictionary Statistics
- Analyzing SQL Statements
- Using EXPLAIN PLAN and SQL Trace
- SQL Trace
- Using EXPLAIN PLAN
- Designing New SQL Statements
- Using Indexes
- Clusters
- Hash Clusters
- Range Partitioning
- Packages, Procedures, and Functions
- Clusters
- Using Hints
- Summary
- SQL Statement Processing
- Chapter 18—Supplied PL/SQL Packages
- Introduction to Supplied Packages
- Creating the Packages
- Package Summaries
- Reading From and Writing To Files
- Working with LOB Data
- Issuing Dynamic SQL and Data Definition Language Statements
- Communicating Between Processes
- Advanced Queuing
- Scheduling Jobs
- Working with LOB Data
- Summary
- Creating the Packages
- Map of the Oracle Processes
- Part IV—Oracle8 Administration
- Chapter 19—Oracle8 Administrative Requirements
- Overview of Oracle8 Administration
- Backup and Recovery Concepts
- Security and Access Concepts
- Overview of Oracle8 Permissions and Profiles
- Overview of SQL*Net, Net8, and Connection Manager
- Tablespace Maintenance Concepts
- Importance of Organization
- Tuning Through Distribution
- Sizing Defaults
- Fragmentation and Design Considerations
- Tuning Through Distribution
- Schema Maintenance Concepts
- Object Maintenance
- Referential Integrity
- Loading/Unloading Tables
- Sizing Defaults
- Estimating the Size of Objects
- Referential Integrity
- Tuning Concepts
- Who Is Responsible for Tuning Tasks?
- Four Levels of Tuning
- Miscellaneous Tasks
- Monitoring
- Troubleshooting
- Summary
- Backup and Recovery Concepts
- Chapter 20—Routine Maintenance and Scheduling Tasks
- User, System, and Batch Processing
- User Processing
- System Processing
- Monitoring Processes
- Initializing Processes
- Scheduling Batch Processes
- System Processing
- Auditing
- Enabling and Disabling Auditing
- The Operating System Audit Trail
- The Database Audit Trail
- The AUDIT Command
- Types of Auditing
- Audit Options
- Managing the Audit Trail
- Sample Audit Queries
- The Operating System Audit Trail
- Common Monitoring Scripts
- Types of Monitoring
- What to Monitor
- Sample Monitoring Scripts
- Monitoring with Oracle Tools
- What to Monitor
- Scheduling Jobs
- Managing Job Queues
- Submitting and Manipulating Jobs
- Job Queue Information in the Data Dictionary
- Submitting and Manipulating Jobs
- Summary
- User Processing
- Chapter 21—Administration Using Enterprise Manager
- Introduction to Oracle Enterprise Manager
- Installing Oracle Enterprise Manager
- Configuring Enterprise Manager
- Building the Repository
- Configuring the Intelligent Agent
- Discovering New Services
- Setting Preferences
- Configuring the Intelligent Agent
- Managing Events
- Creating and Modifying Event Sets
- Registering an Event Set
- Event Notification
- Registering an Event Set
- Managing Jobs
- Preparing to Run Jobs
- Creating a Job
- Creating a Fixit Job
- Creating a Job
- Managing Database Instances
- Preparing for Remote Administration
- Shutting Down an Instance
- Starting an Instance
- Editing Stored Configurations
- Shutting Down an Instance
- Managing Schema Objects
- Creating Tables
- Creating Object Types
- Creating a VARRAY
- Creating a Nested Table
- Creating an Object Table
- Creating Object Types
- Managing Security
- Managing Storage
- Diagnostic and Performance Tools
- Oracle Performance Manager
- Oracle Lock Manager
- Oracle Expert and SQL Analyze
- Oracle Lock Manager
- Sample Net8 Configuration Files
- Summary
- Installing Oracle Enterprise Manager
- Chapter 22—Oracle8 Tools
- Overview of Oracle8 Tools
- Server Manager
- Export/Import
- Data Movement
- Incremental Backups
- SQL*Loader
- SQL*Plus
- SQL*Plus Execute Commands
- SQL*Plus Editing Commands
- SQL*Plus Formatting Commands
- Miscellaneous Commands
- SQL*Plus Reporting Techniques
- Advanced Reporting Techniques
- SQL*Plus Additional Functionality
- SQL*Plus Editing Commands
- Third-Party Products
- Database Administration
- Data Movement
- Tablespace Reorganization
- Tuning Aids
- Monitoring
- Data Movement
- Summary
- Server Manager
- Chapter 23—Backup and Recovery
- Overview of Oracle Data Availability Requirements
- Acceptable Data Loss
- 24×7 Needs
- Data Warehouse Requirements
- Scheduled Maintenance
- 24×7 Needs
- Overview of Oracle Backup and Recovery Processes
- ARCHIVELOG Mode
- Cold and Hot Backups
- Incremental Backups
- High Availability Options
- Cold and Hot Backups
- Backup Schemes
- Overview of Various Backup Schemes
- Deciding Which Scheme Is Best
- Automating Backup Schemes
- Deciding Which Scheme Is Best
- Summary
- Acceptable Data Loss
- Chapter 24—Oracle8 Database Tuning
- Tuning Overview
- Who Is Responsible?
- Proactive Tuning Versus Reactive Tuning
- Levels of Tuning
- Operating System-Level Tuning
- Oracle RDBMS-Level Tuning
- Database Design-Level Tuning
- Table/Index Relationships and Tablespaces
- Partitioning
- Controlling Fragmentation
- Partitioning
- SQL-Level Tuning
- Application Code
- Indexing
- Parsing
- Optimizers
- SQL Tuning
- Indexing
- Tuning Checklist
- Summary
- Who Is Responsible?
- Chapter 25—Oracle8 Application Tuning
- Factors Designers Can Control
- The Rule-Based Optimizer
- The Cost-Based Optimizer
- Execution Plans
- Hints
- Index Design
- General Guidelines
- The Value of Experimentation
- Summary
- The Rule-Based Optimizer
- Overview of Oracle8 Administration
- PART V—Oracle8 and the Web
- Chapter 26—ODBC/JDBC
- Overview of ODBC
- ODBC’s Purpose
- ODBC’s Evolution
- RDO, DAO, OLE DB, ADO, and Other Acronyms
- Oracle’s ODBC Evolution
- ODBC’s Evolution
- ODBC Architecture
- ODBC Setup, Usage, and Limitations
- Oracle8 ODBC Setup
- Connecting to Oracle8
- Oracle ODBC Driver Capabilities and Limitations (V8.0.3)
- ODBC Functions Not Supported
- SQL Syntax Not Supported
- Oracle8 ODBC Optimization and Troubleshooting
- Performance, General
- Update Performance
- Select Performance
- Troubleshooting via Logging
- Update Performance
- Last Words on ODBC
- Overview of JDBC
- JDBC’s Purpose
- JDBC’s Evolution
- Oracle’s JDBC Evolution
- JDBC Thin
- SQLJ
- JDBC Architecture
- SQLJ
- JDBC Setup, Usage, and Limitations
- Oracle8 JDBC Setup
- Installing Oracle8 JDBC Drivers
- Configuring Oracle8 JDBC Drivers
- Capabilities and Limitations
- JDBC, General
- JDBC Thin
- Installing Oracle8 JDBC Drivers
- Oracle-Specific Functions
- Refcursors as ResultSets
- Execution Batching
- PL/SQL Stored Procedures
- Database Metadata
- Streaming Data
- prefetch
- Define Query Columns
- Execution Batching
- Last Words on JDBC
- Summary
- ODBC’s Purpose
- Chapter 27—Oracle Web Application Server
- Background: The Internet, the WWW, and Intranets
- Web Architecture
- Hypertext Transport Protocol (HTTP)
- Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
- Java
- JavaScript
- Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
- Network Computing Architecture
- Background
- Oracle Web Application Server Architecture
- Web Listener
- Dispatchers
- Web Request Broker (WRB)
- Cartridges
- Accessing Non-Oracle Databases
- Dispatchers
- Web Security
- User Authentication
- Persistent User Verification
- Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)
- General Guidelines
- Persistent User Verification
- Developer/2000 and the Oracle WAS
- Forms
- Reports
- Graphics
- Reports
- Designer/2000 and the Oracle WAS
- WAS Product Purchase
- Standard Version
- Advanced Version
- Web Developer Suite
- Advanced Version
- The Future of Oracle Web Application Server
- Summary
- Hypertext Transport Protocol (HTTP)
- Overview of ODBC
- Part VI—Implementation of Oracle8
- Chapter 28—Oracle8 Cartridges
- Overview of Oracle8 Cartridges
- NCA Cartridges
- Cartridge Architecture
- Application Designing Using NCA Cartridges
- Data Cartridge Components
- Developing Cartridges
- Designing a Data Cartridge
- Oracle8’s Extensibility Feature
- External Procedures
- Example: Step by Step Data Cartridge Development
- Testing the Developed Data Cartridge
- Oracle8’s Extensibility Feature
- Deploying Cartridges
- Data Cartridge Installation and Operation
- Definition of Libraries
- Installation Flow
- Definition of Libraries
- Summary
- Chapter 29—Using Oracle8 Objects in PL/SQL and SQL
- The Advantages of Using PL/SQL Within Java
- Different Ways That Java Can Package PL/SQL
- The Language of Cartridges
- RMI—Distributed Computing Tool
- The Future—J/SQL
- RMI—Distributed Computing Tool
- Summary
- Different Ways That Java Can Package PL/SQL
- Chapter 30—Data Warehouses
- Introduction
- What Is a Data Warehouse?
- Why Would a Company Need a Data Warehouse?
- The Six Steps to Creating a Data Warehouse
- Document the Operational Environment
- Choosing the Data Warehousing Technologies
- Designing the Data Warehouse Model
- The Star Schema
- Designing the Data Refresh Process
- Scalability
- Utilizing Oracle8 Features in the Data Warehouse
- Designing the Data Refresh Process
- Monitoring Tools
- Develop the Extraction and Scrubbing Routines
- Auditing Logs
- Full Refreshes with Data Selection Performed Inside the Data Warehouse
- Code Changes in the Existing Applications
- Full Refreshes with Data Selection Performed Inside the Data Warehouse
- What About Data Marts?
- Metadata
- System Metadata
- Management Metadata
- Business Metadata
- Management Metadata
- Executive Information Systems
- Easy to Use
- Easy to Access
- Fast
- Client- or Server-Based
- External Data
- Easy to Access
- Data Mining (Panning for Gold)
- Data Mining Models
- Summary
- What Is a Data Warehouse?
- Chapter 31—Large Online Transaction Processing Systems
- Online Transaction Processing (OLTP) Overview
- OLTP Database Design
- Parallel Server Architecture Review
- Parallel Server Design Practices
- Database Configuration Issues
- UNIX Configuration Issues
- Database Schema Design Practices
- Parallel Server Design Practices
- OLTP Application Development
- Application Design and Coding Practices
- Application Security
- OLTP Administration and Maintenance Considerations
- Backups and Recovery Considerations
- Batch Data Loading
- Object Fragmentation
- Periodic Maintenance
- Batch Data Loading
- OLTP Implementation Issues
- Stress Testing
- Project Management and Planning Issues
- Summary
- OLTP Database Design
- Chapter 32—Media and Complex Data Servers
- What Is a Media Server?
- New Uses of Media Objects That Will Change Business
- Presentations
- Online Training
- Help Desk Support
- Kiosks
- Video on Demand (VOD)
- Home Shopping
- Electronic Banking
- Personalized News Service
- Games
- Reference
- Online Training
- Oracle’s Answer to Media Data
- The Oracle Media Server
- Oracle Media Net
- Oracle Media Objects
- The Components of Oracle’s Media Objects
- Oracle Video Custom Control
- Oracle’s Media Cartridge
- Summary
- New Uses of Media Objects That Will Change Business
- Chapter 33—Working with Very Large Databases
- Introduction
- Oracle8 and High-End Database Systems
- Partitioned Tables and Indexes
- Managing a Large Number of Users
- Deferred Transaction Support
- Parallel Query Enhancements
- Parallel Server Enhancements
- Managing a Large Number of Users
- Oracle8 Features for Large Databases
- Table Partitioning
- Partitioned Indexes
- Index-Only Tables
- Parallel DML (PDML)
- Bitmap Indexes
- Index Fast Full Scans
- Reverse Key Indexes
- Partitioned Indexes
- Tuning for Very Large Databases
- Transaction Management in VLDB Systems
- Rollback Segment Considerations
- Archiving Considerations
- Rollback Segment Considerations
- Operation of a Large Database
- Rollback Segments Design
- Backup and Recovery Using Recovery Manager (RMAN)
- types Within types
- Object Views
- VARRAY
- Backup and Recovery Using Recovery Manager (RMAN)
- Summary
- Oracle8 and High-End Database Systems
- Overview of Oracle8 Cartridges
- Chapter 1—Oracle8